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PV modules are “normal landscape aspect”

Administrative Courts provide increasing confirmation about the recent opinion that considers the photovoltaic modules an architectural component compliant with the landscape’s protection necessity, because of the construction style evolution, fully consented by the collectivity. In this respect, by judgment No. 496/2018, Milan Administrative Court has recently ruled that these new technologies are fully inserted in the landscape, innovating it and not being perceived as a negative visual factor. As a result, the competent Authorities will have to ground their possible denials in a specific and detailed way, taking into consideration the important consequence of the proof reversal.

Online contracts: choice of jurisdiction clause valid if accessible through a link.

The jurisdiction clause in an online contract can be extended and is effective if it is an integral part of the general terms and conditions which are mentioned, in the purchase order, by means of a link necessary to access to them.
This is what has been stated by the Italian Court of Cassation with its order no. 21622 dated 19 September 2017.

Budget Law 2018: news regarding the stamp duty.

The Budget Law for this year has amended the rule on how the tax business registration duty applies: its interpretation must be based on the elements included in the deed, without taking into account other external variables.

Budget Law 2018: tax credits for the listing of SMEs.

The Budget Law for this year has introduced tax credits in favour of the SMEs regarding consultancy fees sustained for the admission to Stock Exchanges or European multilateral trading systems (equaling up to 50% of the total costs endured by 31 December 2020 and up to a maximum of 500,000 euros).

The principle that a salary cannot be reduced is no longer applicable if specific working conditions differ.

The Labour Section of the Court of Cassation has provided indications on the application for “guaranteeing a minimum level of salary” that cannot be extended to those wages that have been paid for specific working conditions. Futhermore the Court clarified that once the conditions for which that part of the wage had been granted cease to exist, the employer was no longer compelled to pay for it.